国家发改委关于国民经济和社会发展计划报告 中英双语

国家发展和改革委员会

REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2008 PLAN FOR NATIONAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND ON THE 2009 DRAFT PLAN FOR NATIONAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Second Session of the Eleventh National People\'s Congress March 5, 2009
National Development and Reform Commission

各位代表：
Fellow Deputies,

受国务院委托，现将2008年国民经济和社会发展计划执行情况与2009年国民经济和社会发展计划草案提请十一届全国人大二次会议审议，并请全国政协各位委员提出意见。
The National Development and Reform Commission has been entrusted by the State Council to report on the implementation of the 2008 plan for national economic and social development and on the 2009 draft plan for national economic and social development for your deliberation and approval at the Second Session of the Eleventh National People\'s Congress (NPC), and also for comments and suggestions from the members of the National Committee of the Chinese People\'s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).     

一、2008年国民经济和社会发展计划执行情况
I. Implementation of the 2008 Plan for National Economic and Social Development     

过去的一年，是很不寻常、很不平凡的一年，我国经济社会发展经历了多方面难以预料、历史罕见的重大挑战和严峻考验。全国各族人民在中国共产党的领导下，深入贯彻落实科学发展观，按照十一届全国人大一次会议审议批准的国民经济和社会发展计划，克服重重困难，排除各种突发事件的干扰，全面夺取抗击南方部分地区严重低温雨雪冰冻灾害和四川汶川特大地震灾害斗争重大胜利；成功举办北京奥运会、残奥会，成功完成神舟七号载人航天飞行任务；特别是积极应对国际金融危机冲击，保持了经济平稳较快发展和社会和谐稳定。计划执行情况总体是好的。
The year 2008 was an extraordinary and eventful year for China. Our country\'s economic and social development experienced a variety of severe challenges and tests that were hardly anticipated and rarely seen. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the people of all our ethnic groups thoroughly applied the Scientific Outlook on Development, followed the plan for national economic and social development adopted at the First Session of the Eleventh NPC, surmounted numerous difficulties, and eliminated interference from emergencies of all kinds. Finally, we won great victories in dealing with the devastating snow and ice storms in parts of the south and the massive earthquake that hit Wenchuan, Sichuan Province. We successfully held the Beijing Olympic and Paralympic Games and accomplished the Shenzhou VII manned space flight mission. In particular, we actively responded to the severe impact of the global financial crisis, sustained steady and fairly rapid economic development and maintained social harmony and stability. The Plan for 2008 was, on the whole, implemented well.     

（一）经济平稳较快增长
1. The economy grew steadily and rapidly.

全年国内生产总值超过30万亿元，增长9．0％，比世界经济平均增长率高出5个多百分点。规模以上工业增加值比上年增长12．9％，轻、重工业分别增长12．3％和13．2％。全年社会消费品零售总额达到10．85万亿元，增长21．6％，增速比上年加快4．8个百分点；全社会固定资产投资总额17．23万亿元，增长25．5％，国内需求特别是消费需求对经济增长的拉动作用增强。
China\'s GDP topped 30 trillion yuan in 2008, a year-on-year increase of 9.0% and more than five percentage points higher than the average world economic growth rate. The value-added of large industrial enterprises increased by 12.9% over 2007, with that of light and heavy industries rising 12.3% and 13.2% respectively. Retail sales of consumer goods rose 21.6% to 10.85 trillion yuan, up 4.8 percentage points. Fixed asset investment across the country totaled 17.23 trillion yuan, up 25.5%. Domestic demand, particularly consumer demand, played a greater role in boosting economic growth.

经济效益继续保持增长。国家财政收入6．13万亿元，增长19．5％。单位国内生产总值能耗进一步降低，全年降幅为4．59％；二氧化硫、化学需氧量排放量减少的势头得到巩固，全年分别下降5．95％和4．42％。万元工业增加值用水量下降7．0％。节约集约用地工作力度加大，土地利用效率继续提高。
Economic performance continued to improve. National revenue reached 6.13 trillion yuan in 2008, up 19.5% year on year. Energy consumption per unit of GDP continued to decline in 2008, down 4.59%. Sulfur dioxide emissions and chemical oxygen demand kept falling, down 5.95% and 4.42% respectively, and this trend became more firmly set. Water consumption per 10,000 yuan of value-added by industry dropped by 7.0%. Efforts were intensified to use land more economically and intensively, resulting in continued improvement in land-use efficiency.

（二）价格涨幅逐步回落
2. There was a gradual decline in the rate of price increase.

针对上半年国内食品价格上涨过快和国际市场粮食、油料价格急剧上涨对稳定物价带来的巨大压力，采取了综合性政策措施。一方面，努力保障供给。制定并组织实施扶持政策，促进粮食、生猪、油料、奶业、蛋鸡等生产发展；加强重要农副产品的紧急调运和产销衔接，缓解东北粮食、部分地区特别是灾区农产品卖难和流通不畅问题；采取财税支持、控制出口、鼓励进口、国家储备吞吐调节等综合措施，保障粮食、成品油、化肥等重要商品的市场供应和价格稳定。另一方面，加强市场监管。对粮食、食用植物油等重要商品实施临时价格干预措施。组织开展农资价格、成品油价格、医药价格和涉农收费、涉企收费、教育收费等专项检查，积极引导经营者价格自律，严厉打击囤积居奇、哄抬价格、串通涨价等违法行为。与此同时，两次提高低保补助水平，确保低收入群体的基本生活不会因物价上涨受到明显影响。进入四季度后，通货膨胀压力明显减弱，全年居民消费价格上涨5．9％；生产资料和农资价格涨幅也迅速回落，12月份生产资料出厂价格同比下降1．9％，农资价格涨幅比最高时的7月份回落12．4个百分点。
We adopted comprehensive policies and measures to counteract the great pressure that ballooning domestic food prices and the surge in the prices of grain and oilseed on the international market in the first half of 2008 placed on our efforts to stabilize prices. On the one hand, we worked to ensure adequate supplies. We formulated and implemented supporting policies to boost grain, oilseed and egg production and hog and dairy farming. We strengthened the emergency allocation and transport of important farm and sideline products, improved coordination between their production and sale, and alleviated problems concerning the sale and distribution of grain in northeast China and farm products in some areas, especially disaster-stricken areas. We took measures that combined fiscal and tax policy support, export controls, import inducements and manipulation of state reserves to ensure adequate market supplies and steady prices for important commodities such as grain, refined petroleum products and fertilizer. On the other hand, we strengthened market oversight. We instituted temporary measures to hold down the prices of grain, edible vegetable oil and other important commodities. We organized and carried out inspections focused on prices for agricultural supplies, refined petroleum products, medical care and drugs, and charges related to farmers, enterprises and education; actively encouraged business managers to exercise self-discipline in setting prices; and severely cracked down on violations of the law such as hoarding for speculation and colluding to drive up prices. At the same time, we raised the level of the cost of living allowances twice to ensure that the basic living standard of low-income groups would not be significantly affected by price increases. Beginning in the fourth quarter, the inflationary pressure subsided considerably. The consumer price index (CPI) rose by 5.9% for the year. The rate of price increase for means of production, including agricultural supplies, also fell rapidly, with producer prices for means of production in December down 1.9% year on year and the inflation rate for agricultural supplies down 12.4 percentage points from its July high. 

（三）“三农”工作进一步加强
3. Work related to agriculture, rural areas and farmers was further intensified.

强农惠农政策力度不断加大。耕地保护工作继续加强。研究制定了进一步扶持农业和粮食生产的10项措施，组织编制了《全国新增1000亿斤粮食生产能力规划（2009－2020年）》。在粮食收购价格、涉农补贴和主要农产品收储方面，进一步加大工作力度。三次大幅度提高粮食最低收购价，提价幅度超过20％；中央财政用于粮食直补、农资综合补贴、良种补贴、农机具购置补贴的资金达1030亿元，比上年增长1倍；实施主要农产品临时收储政策，共收购稻谷1178万吨、玉米852万吨、棉花131万吨、油料67万吨。
We constantly invigorated our policies to strengthen agriculture and benefit farmers and continued to intensify our efforts to protect farmland. We worked out ten measures to further support agriculture and grain production and organized the compilation of the Plan for Increasing the National Grain Production Capacity by 50 Billion Kilograms (2009-2020). We worked harder on the grain purchase prices, agricultural subsidies, and the purchase and storage of major farm products. We significantly raised minimum grain purchase prices three times, increasing them altogether by more than 20%. In addition, government allocations for direct subsidies to grain growers, general subsidies for agricultural supplies, subsidies for superior varieties of crops, and subsidies for the purchase of agricultural machinery and tools reached 103 billion yuan, up 100% from the previous year. We implemented the policy of temporary purchase and stockpiling of major agricultural products, and accordingly purchased 11.78 million tons of grain, 8.52 million tons of corn, 1.31 million tons of cotton and 670,000 tons of oilseed.

支农资金投入继续增加。全年中央财政用于“三农”资金达5955．5亿元，增长37．9％。粮食、油料、糖料、棉花生产基地和旱作农业示范基地建设步伐加快，动植物疫病防控体系、标准化规模养殖小区、种养业良种繁育基地、农产品质量安全检验检测体系、农产品批发市场、粮油仓储及现代物流设施建设进展顺利。
We continued to increase funding to support agriculture, rural areas and farmers. Central government allocations in this area rose 37.9% to 595.55 billion yuan in 2008. We moved faster to build production bases for grain, oilseed, sugar crops and cotton, and demonstration bases for drought-resistant agriculture. We made smooth progress in developing the system for preventing and controlling animal and plant epidemics, large-scale standardized livestock, poultry and aquatic farming operations, bases for cultivating superior varieties and breeds, the system for quality and safety inspection and testing of agricultural products, wholesale markets for farm products, grain and edible oil storage facilities, and modern logistics facilities.

主要农副产品产量大幅增长。粮食连续5年丰收，全年总产量达到52850万吨，增长5．4％，总产和单产均创历史新高。棉花产量750万吨，油料、糖料产量分别达到2950万吨和13000万吨，增长14．8％和6．7％；生猪生产恢复较快，肉类总产量7269万吨，增长5．9％，奶业生产逐步恢复，全年牛奶产量增长3．6％；水产品产量4895万吨，增长3．1％。优质高产高效农业取得新进展，无公害农产品、绿色食品、有机食品和农业标准化生产加快发展，优质小麦和优质水稻所占比重分别达到68％和74％，比上年提高6．3个和1．9个百分点。
The output of major farm and sideline products increased significantly. We had good harvests for five consecutive years, with last year\'s total output rising 5.4% to 528.5 million tons, a record high for both total output and yield per unit area. Cotton output reached 7.5 million tons in 2008; oilseed production was 29.5 million tons, up 14.8%, and sugar crop yield stood at 130 million tons, up 6.7%. Hog production recovered rapidly last year, and the total output of meat increased 5.9% to 72.69 million tons. Dairy farming also recovered gradually with total milk output up 3.6%. The output of aquatic products came to 48.95 million tons, up 3.1%. Further progress was made in developing high-quality, high-yield, and cost-efficient agriculture. Production of pollution-free agricultural products and green and organic foodstuffs and standardization of agricultural production were accelerated. High-quality wheat was planted in 68% of China\'s total wheat acreage, and high-quality rice accounted for 74% of the total rice acreage, up 6.3 and 1.9 percentage points respectively from the previous year.

农村生产生活条件进一步改善。病险水库除险加固、大型灌区续建配套与节水改造工程加快实施，中部大型排涝泵站更新改造规划提前完成，开工建设了一批骨干水利工程。继续加强农村水电气路建设，饮水安全工程使4824万农民受益，新增沼气用户500万户，新建、改建农村公路39．1万公里。“万村千乡”、“双百”市场工程进展顺利。
Working and living conditions continued to improve in rural areas. Implementation of the projects to reinforce dangerous reservoirs, and build auxiliary facilities and upgrade water-saving devices in large irrigated areas was sped up; work on the plan to upgrade large drainage pumping stations in the central region was completed ahead of schedule, and construction on a number of key water conservancy projects was begun. Development of water and power supplies, methane facilities and roads was further strengthened in rural areas. As a result, 48.24 million farmers benefited from the safe drinking water project; methane gas was made available to five million more households; an additional 391,000 kilometers of rural roads were built or upgraded last year. The project to encourage retailers to open stores in more townships and villages and the project to support 100 large wholesale markets for farm products and 100 large rural retail distributors both progressed smoothly.

（四）结构调整取得重要进展
4. Important progress was made in structural adjustment.

自主创新能力继续增强。新修订的科技进步法公布实施，国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要实施顺利，配套政策进一步完善。科技创新投入大幅增加，中央财政科技投入1163亿元，增长16．4％。大型油气田、极大规模集成电路等16个国家重大科技专项全面进入实施阶段，国家科技支撑、863、973等科技计划进展顺利，知识创新三期工程建设全面启动，大天区望远镜、重离子加速器等国家重大科技基础设施建成投入使用，在信息、生物和环保等领域新建了18个国家工程中心，新认定了76家国家级企业技术中心，支持了90家企业技术中心创新能力建设。自主研发了百万亿次超级计算机，新支线飞机ARJ21－700首飞成功。
Our capacity for independent innovation continued to increase. The newly revised Law on Scientific and Technological Advances was promulgated and implemented in 2008. The Outline of the National Program for Long- and Medium-Term Scientific and Technological Development was implemented smoothly and its supporting policies were further improved. Funding for scientific and technological innovation was increased significantly. Expenditures on science and technology from the central budget in 2008 totaled 116.3 billion yuan, up 16.4%. The 16 major state science and technology projects, including development of large-scale oil and gas fields and ultra-large scale integrated circuits, all entered the implementation phase. Smooth progress was made in implementing the National Key Technology R&D Program, the March 1986 High-Tech Program, the March 1997 Program for Basic Research, and other science and technology programs. The third phase of the Knowledge Innovation Program was fully launched. Development of major state science and technology infrastructure such as the large sky area multi-object fiber spectroscopic telescope and the heavy ion research facility was completed, and they became operational. An additional 18 national engineering research centers were built in areas such as information technology, biotechnology and environmental protection; 76 more enterprise technology centers received state recognition; 90 enterprise technology centers received government support to enhance their innovation capacity. A 100 teraflops supercomputer was developed independently, and the new ARJ21-700 regional jet made a successful maiden flight.

高技术产业和装备制造业发展加快。生物医药、卫星应用等13个高技术产业化专项实施顺利，在信息、生物、新能源、新材料、民用航空航天等领域新认定了37个高技术产业基地，发放了3张第三代移动通信牌照。2008年，54个国家高新区工业增加值增长18．6％。振兴装备制造业的政策体系不断完善，一批重大装备和关键设备研制成功。空客A320天津总装线正式投入运营，1000千伏交流特高压输电试验示范线路的关键设备研制成功，兆瓦级风电设备开始批量生产。同时，继续依法淘汰落后生产能力，全年关停小火电1669万千瓦、小煤矿1054处，水泥、钢铁、电解铝等行业落后产能淘汰工作进展顺利。高耗能、高排放行业生产增幅明显放缓，钢铁、煤炭、建材等行业优势企业兼并重组步伐加快。
Development of high-tech industries and equipment manufacturing was accelerated. Thirteen projects to apply biomedicine, satellite and other high technologies in production were implemented smoothly; 37 more high-tech industrial bases were certified in areas such as information technology, biotechnology, new energy sources, new materials, civil aviation and civil aerospace; three licenses were issued for third generation mobile communications. The value-added of the 54 national new and high technology development zones rose 18.6% in 2008. The policy framework to reinvigorate the equipment manufacturing industry was constantly improved, and R&D on a number of major equipment and key facilities was carried out successfully. The final assembly line for Airbus A320 was put into operation in Tianjin; R&D on the key equipment of the experimental demonstration line for transmitting 1,000-kilovolt AC ultrahigh-tension power was carried out successfully; mass production of megawatt wind power facilities was started. In addition, we continued to shut down backward production facilities in accordance with the law. Small thermal power plants with a total power generating capacity of 16.69 million kilowatts and 1,054 small coalmines were shut down last year, and shutdowns also progressed smoothly in the cement, steel and electrolytic aluminum industries. The growth of production in energy intensive and highly polluting industries slowed down significantly, and mergers and reorganizations of competitive enterprises in the steel, coal and building-material industries were accelerated.

基础设施和基础产业稳定发展。新增公路通车里程近10万公里，其中高速公路6433公里；新建铁路投产里程1719公里，增建铁路复线投产里程1935公里，电气化铁路投产里程1955公里，武汉－合肥铁路全面建成，京沪高速铁路、北京－石家庄－武汉客运专线和兰渝、贵广等西部干线及其他一批重大铁路项目开工建设；港口万吨级码头泊位新增吞吐能力3．3亿吨；港珠澳大桥前期工作取得实质性进展；新建康定、榆林、长白山等8个民用机场。福建宁德、福清与广东阳江、浙江方家山4个核电项目开工建设，两淮煤炭基地竣工验收，国家石油储备一期工程交付使用。全年原煤产量27．9亿吨，增长4．1％，新增发电装机9051万千瓦。
Infrastructure and basic industries developed steadily. A total of nearly 100,000 kilometers of highways, including 6,433 kilometers of expressways, were opened to traffic in 2008. A total of 1,719 kilometers of newly built railway lines, 1,935 kilometers of double-track rail lines, and 1,955 kilometers of electric rail lines were put into operation. The Wuhan-Hefei Railway was completed, and construction was begun on the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway, Beijing-Shijiazhuang-Wuhan passenger line, trunk rail lines in the western region such as Lanzhou-Chongqing Railway and Guiyang-Guangzhou Railway, and a number of other major railway projects. Annual cargo handling capacity of berths for 10,000 ton-class or larger ships increased by 330 million tons; substantial progress was made in preparatory work on the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge; eight more civilian airports were built last year, including ones in Kangding, Yulin and Changbaishan. Construction was begun on four nuclear power stations in Ningde and Fuqing, Fujian Province; Yangjiang, Guangdong Province; and Fangjiashan, Zhejiang Province. Work on a large coalmining base in Huainan and Huaibei coalmines was completed and passed acceptance inspection. The first phase of the state petroleum reserves project became operational. Coal output was 2.79 billion tons in 2008, up 4.1%, and installed power-generating capacity increased by 90.51 million kilowatts.

服务业发展态势良好。支持服务业加快发展的政策体系不断完善，新农村综合信息服务、基础教育信息资源开发与服务、中小企业电子商务服务等信息化试点示范工程启动实施。运用服务业发展引导资金，重点支持了先进制造业服务体系、农业生产配套服务体系建设。第三产业增加值达到12．05万亿元，比上年增长9．5％，2003年以来增幅首次超过第二产业。
There was good development momentum in the service sector. Our policy system for supporting faster development of the service sector was constantly improved. IT-based demonstration pilot projects were implemented to provide comprehensive information services for building a new countryside, develop and provide computerized basic education resources, and provide e-commerce services for small and medium-sized enterprises. We set aside guidance funds to support development of the service sector, with the focus on developing a system of services for advanced manufacturing and a system of services for agricultural production. The value-added of tertiary industry rose 9.5% to 12.05 trillion yuan in 2008, the first time since 2003 that it grew faster than secondary industry.

区域发展协调性增强。新开工了10项西部大开发重点工程，投资总规模达4361亿元，落实退耕还林后续政策，巩固退耕还林成果，实施退牧还草523万公顷。东北地区等老工业基地振兴步伐加快，确定了全国首批12个资源枯竭城市，东北中小企业信用再担保机构正式成立。中部地区26个城市比照实施振兴东北地区等老工业基地有关政策、243个县（市、区）比照实施西部大开发有关政策逐步落实，中部城市群发展势头强劲，“三个基地、一个枢纽”建设取得积极进展。东部地区在转变发展方式、调整经济结构、推动体制创新等方面继续走在全国前列，出台了推进长江三角洲地区改革开放和经济社会发展指导意见以及珠江三角洲地区改革发展规划纲要，经济特区、上海浦东新区、天津滨海新区开发开放继续向纵深发展。制定和实施了一批扶持老少边穷地区发展的政策性文件，区域合作和对口支援不断拓展，东部产业向中西部地区转移呈良好态势。
Development became more balanced among regions. Construction was begun on ten more key projects for the large-scale development of the western region, with a total investment reaching 436.1 billion yuan. The follow-up policy to consolidate progress made in reforesting farmland was implemented, and an additional 5.23 million hectares of grazing land was returned to grassland. Rejuvenation of northeast China and other old industrial bases was accelerated. The first group of 12 cities dependent on now-depleted resources was designated, and a credit re-guarantee company was established for small and medium-sized enterprises in northeast China. We gradually implemented the policy for the central region, which calls for following the rejuvenation policy for northeast China and other old industrial bases in 26 cities of the region and the development policy for the western region in 243 counties or county-level cities and districts. Powerful momentum was maintained in developing clusters of cities in the central region, and encouraging progress was made in developing three different kinds of production bases and a system of integrated transportation hubs for the region. The eastern region continued to lead the country in changing the pattern of development, adjusting economic structure, and promoting institutional innovation. Guidelines on promoting reform, opening up and economic and social development in the Yangtze Delta area and the outline of the program for reform and development of the Pearl River Delta area were promulgated, and development and opening up in the special economic zones, the Shanghai Pudong New Area and the Tianjin Binhai New Area continued to deepen. A number of policies were formulated and implemented to support the development of old revolutionary areas, ethnic minority areas, border areas and poor areas. Cooperation between regions and cross-region one-to-one assistance continued to expand, and relocation of industries from the eastern region to the central and western regions progressed at a good pace.

（五）改革开放迈出新的步伐
5. Further progress was made in reform and opening up.

经济体制改革继续深化。农村综合改革继续深化，集体林权制度改革全面推开。公司制股份制改革和国有独资公司董事会试点稳步推进，17家试点中央企业董事会中的外部董事都已超过半数。国有资本经营预算制度改革试点范围扩大，电信企业资产和业务重组基本完成，初步形成了新移动、新电信和新联通三足鼎立的竞争格局；航空工业体制改革取得重大进展，中航一、二集团合并重组为中国航空工业集团公司。鼓励支持和引导非公有制经济发展的配套措施不断完善。新的企业所得税法得到较好落实，研究制定并发布实施了增值税转型改革方案。中国农业银行和国家开发银行改革取得重大进展，银行业的资本实力、资产质量和防风险能力有了新的提高。资源性产品价格改革稳步推进，酝酿多年的成品油价格和税费改革方案顺利实施。修改完成了深化医药卫生体制改革的意见，研究制定了2009－2011年改革实施方案。综合配套改革试点工作也取得了新的进展。
Economic restructuring continued to deepen. Overall rural reform was deepened and reform of the system of collective forest rights was carried out throughout the country. The reform to institute a corporate system or a stockholding system in state-owned enterprises and the pilot project to implement a board of directors system in wholly state-funded corporations progressed steadily, and outside directors now account for more than half of the board members in all 17 of the central government enterprises participating in the project. The trial reform of the budget system for state capital operations was extended to more areas. The restructuring of assets and business operations of telecommunication companies was basically completed, ushering in a competitive market dominated by three restructured telecom giants, China Mobile, China Telecom and China Unicom. Significant progress was made in restructuring the aviation industry, with the China Aviation Industry Corporations I and II being amalgamated into the Aviation Industry Corporation of China. Coordinated measures to encourage, support and guide the development of the non-public sector of the economy were continually improved. The new Law on Corporate Income Tax was implemented well. A plan for VAT reform was formulated and implemented. Important progress was made in there forms of the Agricultural Bank of China and the China Development Bank. The capital strength, asset quality and risk resistance of the banking industry improved. The reform of the prices of resource products progressed steadily. The plans to reform the prices of refined petroleum products and related taxes and fees, which took years to formulate, were implemented smoothly. Guidelines on deepening the reform of the medical and health care system were finalized, and a plan was formulated to implement the reform from 2009 through 2011. Further progress was also made in the pilot reforms to promote comprehensive and sustainable development.

开放型经济继续发展。对外贸易较快增长。全年进出口总额25616亿美元，比上年增长17．8％。进出口商品结构继续改善，机电产品、高新技术产品出口分别增长17．3％和13．1％。服务贸易快速发展。利用外资质量和水平进一步提升。完善了外商投资、借用国外贷款管理。全年吸收外商直接投资（不含银行、证券、保险领域）924亿美元，比上年增长23．6％，其中，服务贸易领域实际使用外资增长24．2％，西部和中部地区实际使用外资分别增长79．8％和36．4％。安排借用国外贷款230亿美元，比上年增长5．4％。国家外汇储备达到1．95万亿美元。企业对外投资合作步伐加快，全年对外直接投资（非金融部分）406．5亿美元，比上年增长63．6％，对外工程承包和劳务合作保持较快发展。
The open economy continued to grow. Foreign trade grew rapidly. Total imports and exports for the year reached US$ 2.5616 trillion, up 17.8% over 2007. The trade mix was further improved as evidenced by 17.3% growth in the export of mechanical and electrical products and 13.1% growth for new- and high-tech products. Trade in services expanded rapidly. Foreign investment was used more effectively. Management of foreign investment and loans was improved. Foreign direct investment in 2008 (excluding that in the banking, securities and insurance sectors) amounted to$92.4 billion, 23.6% higher than the previous year. Of this total, paid-in investment in the trade in services grew by 24.2%, and paid-in investment in the western and central regions increased by79.8% and 36.4% respectively. A total of $23 billion of foreign loans were disbursed, a rise of 5.4% year on year. The state\'s foreign exchange reserves reached $1.95 trillion. Enterprises picked up the pace in making investment and undertaking cooperative projects overseas. Total overseas direct investment of Chinese enterprises (non-financial portion) for the year reached $40.65 billion, a rise of 63.6% over the previous year. Contracts for overseas projects and cooperation in the area of labor services maintained a rapid pace of development.

（六）民生工作和社会事业得到加强
6. Efforts were intensified to improve people\'s lives and strengthen social programs.

城乡居民收入继续增加、实惠增多。全年农村居民人均纯收入和城镇居民人均可支配收入分别达到4761元和15781元，实际增长8．0％和8．4％。促进就业、以创业带动就业的政策进一步完善，城镇新增就业1113万人，年末城镇登记失业率4．2％。社会保障覆盖面继续扩大，全国参加城镇基本养老、城镇基本医疗、失业、工伤、生育保险人数分别新增1753万、9387万、755万、1637万和1406万。企业退休人员基本养老金人均每月新增110元，城镇居民基本医疗保险试点城市新增229个，新型农村合作医疗制度实现全覆盖（以县为单位）。被征地农民社会保障制度建设取得新进展。新建城镇廉租住房63万套，通过实物配租和发放租赁补贴，又解决了190万户城市低收入家庭的住房困难。社区服务体系、儿童福利设施、流浪未成年人救助保护设施以及残疾人综合服务设施建设积极推进。扶贫开发力度加大、扶贫标准进一步提高，利用国家以工代赈资金建设了基本农田7．2万公顷，解决了贫困地区190万人、110万头牲畜饮水困难。安排西部地区易地扶贫搬迁人口32万人。
The incomes of urban and rural residents continued to rise and they enjoyed greater benefits. Rural per capita net income reached 4,761 yuan and urban per capita disposable income came to 15,781 yuan, rising by 8% and 8.4% in real terms respectively. Policies to promote employment and to stimulate job creation by encouraging entrepreneurship were improved; 11.13 million new jobs were created for urban residents, and the registered urban unemployment rate stood at 4.2% at the end of the year. The social safety net continued to expand. There were 17.53 million people newly covered by urban basic old-age insurance, 93.87 million by urban basic medical insurance, 7.55 million by unemployment insurance, 16.37 million by workers\' compensation and 14.06 million by maternity insurance. The level of basic old-age pensions for enterprise retirees was raised by 110 yuan per person per month. Trials of providing basic medical insurance for non-working urban residents were extended to 229 more cities. The new type of rural cooperative medical care system was set up in all targeted counties or county-level cities and districts. Further progress was made in developing the social security system for farmers whose land was expropriated. A total of 630,000 dwelling units of low-rent housing were built in urban areas, and the housing problem for a total of 1.9 million low-income urban families was resolved by providing them with low-income housing or granting them rent subsidies. Energetic progress was made in developing community-based services, children\'s welfare facilities, facilities for assisting and protecting homeless juveniles, and facilities providing comprehensive services for people with disabilities. Poverty alleviation through development was intensified, and the poverty line was raised again. Work-relief funds were used for developing 72,000 hectares of basic farmland. The potable-water problem was solved for 1.9 million people and 1.1 million heads of livestock in poverty-stricken areas. In the western region, 320,000 people were relocated from inhospitable places as a poverty relief effort.

各项社会事业建设得到加强。城乡免费义务教育全面实施，职业教育加快发展，家庭经济困难学生资助制度逐步完善。农村义务教育办学条件进一步改善，在3519所农村初中学校新建689万平方米学生生活设施，支持722所中等职业学校和县级职教中心加强基础能力建设；新建改扩建182所特殊教育学校。启动实施高等教育“211工程”三期建设。高中阶段教育毛入学率比上年提高8个百分点，普通高校招生数增加42万人，研究生增加2．7万人。基层医疗服务和计划生育设施建设加快，支持了2万余所乡镇卫生院、430个县医院、209个县中医院和369个县妇幼保健机构的建设；安排专门资金，支持159个地市级以上重点中医院、1231个县级和乡镇中心计划生育服务站建设，对重大传染病、地方病多发的边远地区8800多个村卫生室给予了支持。人口自然增长率5．08‰。广播电视村村通、乡镇综合文化站、文化和自然遗产地保护、旅游等方面的支持力度明显加大。新闻出版、文学艺术、哲学社会科学等事业繁荣发展。城乡公共体育设施建设得到加强。
Social programs were strengthened. Free compulsory education was made universal in all urban and rural areas of the country. Vocational education developed at a faster pace. The system of financial aid for students from poor families was gradually improved. Conditions were improved in rural primary and junior secondary schools. A total of 6.89 million square meters of living facilities were built for 3,519 rural junior secondary schools. Support was provided for strengthening the infrastructure of 722 secondary vocational schools and county-level vocational education centers. There were 182 special education schools newly built, renovated or expanded. The third phase of the 211 Higher Education Project was begun. The secondary gross enrollment ratio was eight percentage points higher than the previous year. Regular undergraduate enrollment increased by 420,000, and graduate enrollment by 27,000. Development of community-level medical care services and family planning facilities was accelerated. Support was provided for building more than 20,000 clinics in towns and townships, 430 county hospitals, 209 Chinese medicine hospitals, and 369 maternity and child health centers. Special funds were used for developing 159 key Chinese medicine hospitals at or above the prefecture level, 1,231 county-level family planning service facilities and central family planning service stations for towns and townships, and more than 8,800 village clinics in remote areas plagued by serious infectious or endemic diseases. The natural population growth rate stood at 5.08. Support was significantly strengthened for programs such as extending radio and TV coverage to all villages, building multipurpose cultural centers in towns and townships, protecting cultural and natural heritage sites, and developing tourism. The press and publishing, literature and art, philosophy and the social sciences all prospered. The development of urban and rural public sports facilities was intensified.

（七）资源节约型和环境友好型社会建设加快
7. Development of a resource-conserving and environmentally friendly society was accelerated.

节能减排工作力度加大。全年累计安排423亿元中央财政资金，支持十大重点节能工程建设、循环经济发展、城镇污水垃圾处理设施及配套管网改造、重点流域水污染治理和节能环保能力建设等。推广节能灯6000多万支，限产限售限用塑料购物袋取得明显成效。发布了国家重点节能技术推广目录，建筑、交通运输、公共机构节能取得新进展。实施节能减排科技专项行动，攻克了一批重点行业的重大节能减排技术，在重点领域和行业进行了大规模示范和推广应用。第二批国家循环经济示范试点顺利实施，启动了14家汽车零部件再制造试点。经济政策的激励作用进一步强化，发布实施了节能节水环保设备所得税优惠政策，调整了不同排量乘用车的消费税税率，完善了资源综合利用税收优惠政策，出台了可再生能源电价补贴和配额交易方案。开展了省级政府2007年节能减排目标完成情况、节能减排措施落实情况的评价考核，公布了2007年度千家重点耗能企业节能目标责任评价考核结果，重点耗能企业能效水平对标活动进展顺利。组织开展了节能减排专项督察和环保专项执法行动。节能减排全民行动等宣传活动收到了良好社会效果。
Energy conservation and pollution reduction efforts were intensified. For the whole year, 42.3 billion yuan from the central treasury was spent to support construction on ten major energy conservation projects, development of the circular economy, upgrading of urban sewage and garbage treatment facilities and sewer lines, treatment of water pollution in key water basins, and strengthening of our energy conservation and environmental protection capacity. More than 60 million energy-efficient lights were distributed. The campaign to limit the production, sale and use of plastic bags achieved significant success. The national catalog of major energy-conserving technologies for extensive application was published. The construction and transportation sectors and public agencies made further progress in saving energy. We launched a science and technology initiative for energy conservation and emissions reduction, made breakthroughs in a number of major energy-conserving, pollution-reducing technologies in key industries, and widely demonstrated and applied these technologies in key areas and industries. The second round of demonstration trials for the circular economy was conducted smoothly, and trials for remanufacturing auto parts were begun in 14 auto enterprises. Economic policy played a bigger role in providing incentives. A preferential income tax policy for energy-and water-conserving and pollution-reducing equipment was promulgated. Excise tax rates for passenger vehicles of varied engine displacements were adjusted. The preferential tax policy concerning the comprehensive utilization of resources was improved. We developed a scheme for using surcharge and quotas to subsidize the price of electricity generated from renewable sources. Assessments were conducted on provincial governments\' performance in meeting the targets and implementing the measures for energy conservation and pollution reduction in 2007. The results of evaluations of how well the 1,000 energy-intensive enterprises met energy conservation targets set for 2007 were made public. The campaign urging major energy-consuming enterprises to set, review and live up to the energy efficiency benchmarks progressed smoothly. A campaign was organized to supervise energy conservation and emissions reduction efforts and enforce environmental protection laws. Publicity activities to get the people to save energy and reduce pollution produced positive social effects.

生态环境保护取得新进展。塔里木河治理、黑河治理、首都水资源保护工程积极推进，石羊河流域重点治理工程全面启动；在继续推进天然林资源保护、防护林体系建设、京津风沙源治理等重点生态保护工程的同时，启动了岩溶地区石漠化综合治理。太湖水环境综合治理和松花江、淮河、辽河等重点流域水污染防治工作积极推进。三峡库区三期地质灾害防治工程顺利实施。农村环保全面启动。全国新增城市污水日处理能力1149万吨，城市污水处理率和城市生活垃圾无害化处理率分别达到65％和64％，均比上年提高2个百分点左右。燃煤电厂脱硫改造进一步推进，又有近1亿千瓦火电机组安装了脱硫设施，已占火电装机总量的60％左右。
Progress was made in ecological and environmental conservation. The projects to improve the ecosystems of the Tarim and Hei rivers and the Beijing water resources protection project were carried forward. The key project to restore the ecosystem of the Shiyang River was launched. While continuing to press ahead with major ecological projects, including virgin forest protection, development of shelterbelts and treatment of the sources of dust storms affecting Beijing and Tianjin, we launched a comprehensive project to prevent karst regions from turning into stony deserts. Work was energetically carried forward to improve the water environment of Taihu Lake and prevent and control water pollution in the Liao, Huai and Songhua rivers and other key water basins. The third phase of the project to prevent and control geological disasters in the Three Gorges Reservoir area was carried out smoothly. Environmental protection work was initiated on a broad scale in rural areas. Last year, the daily urban sewage treatment capacity was increased by 11.49 million tons, 65% of urban sewage was treated and 64% of urban household waste was safely handled, an increase of about two percentage points year on year in both cases. Further progress was made in the desulfurization of coal-fired power plants. Desulfurizing devices were installed in more thermal power plants with nearly 100 million kilowatt capacity, raising the percentage of the total capacity of the coal-fired plants equipped with such devices to around 60%.

应对气候变化国家方案得到较好落实。发布《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》白皮书，推动通过《应对气候变化技术开发与转让北京宣言》，清洁发展机制项目合作积极开展。
China\'s National Climate Change Program was implemented well. The white paper China\'s Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change was published. The Beijing High-Level Statement on Technology Development and Technology Transfer for Climate Change was adopted. Cooperation on projects concerning clean development mechanisms was energetically carried out.

（八）抗击特大自然灾害取得重大胜利
8. Great success was achieved in fighting devastating natural disasters.

年初，为应对南方部分地区严重低温雨雪冰冻灾害，按照中央的统一部署，各地区各部门迅速启动应急机制，全力保交通、保供电、保民生，迅速恢复了工农业生产和因灾损毁的基础设施。“5