中国与非洲2013经贸合作白皮书
中国与非洲的经贸合作（2013）
China-Africa Economic and Trade Cooperation (2013)
中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室
Information Office of the State Council, the People’s Republic of China
2013年8月 北京
August 2013, Beijing
目录
Contents
前言
Foreword
一、推动贸易可持续发展
I. Promoting Sustainable Development of Trade
二、提升投融资合作层次
II. Improving the Level of Investment and Financing Cooperation
三、加强农业与粮食安全合作
III. Strengthening Cooperation in Agriculture and Food Security
四、支持非洲基础设施建设
IV. Supporting African Infrastructure Construction
五、注重非洲民生与能力发展
V. Stressing African People’s Livelihoods and Capacity Building
六、促进多边框架下的合作
VI. Promoting Cooperation under the Multilateral Framework
结束语
Conclusion
附录1 中非合作论坛第四届部长级会议经贸举措落实情况
Appendix I Implementation of the Economic & Trade Measures of the Fourth FOCAC Ministerial Conference
附录2 中非合作论坛第五届部长级会议中国政府宣布的未来三年中非重点合作领域
Appendix II Priority Areas of China-Africa Cooperation for the Next Three Years Announced by the Chinese Government at the Fifth FOCAC Ministerial Conference
前言
Foreword
当前，国际形势发生深刻复杂变化，新兴和发展中经济体成为推动世界经济发展的重要力量。中国与非洲国家顺应形势变化，在中非合作论坛框架内不断深化中非新型战略伙伴关系，大力推动经贸合作，积极探索符合中非实际的共同发展之路。
Currently, as the international situation undergoes profound and intricate changes, newly emerging and developing economies have become the major force pushing forward the world’s economic development. In tune with the changes in the international environment, China and African countries are, within the framework of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), continuing to deepen the new type of China-Africa strategic partnership, vigorously advancing economic and trade cooperation, and actively exploring a common path that reflects both China’s and Africa’s realities.
目前中国已成为非洲最大贸易伙伴国，非洲成为中国重要的进口来源地、第二大海外工程承包市场和第四大投资目的地。中非经贸合作的发展，促进了非洲国家民生的改善和经济的多元化发展，为中国经济社会发展提供了有力支持，也为促进南南合作与世界经济的平衡发展作出了积极贡献。
China has become Africa’s largest trade partner, and Africa is now China’s major import source, second largest overseas construction project contract market and fourth largest investment destination. China-Africa economic and trade development has improved people’s livelihoods and diversified economic development in African countries, provided strong support for China’s socio-economic development, and contributed to promoting South-South cooperation and balanced world economic development.
通过中非双方共同努力，中非经贸合作基础更加坚实、机制更加完善，不断涌现新的合作契合点和增长点。特别是2013年3月，中国国家主席习近平访问非洲，宣布一系列支持非洲发展的新举措，为推动中非经贸关系迈上新台阶注入了强大动力。
Through the common efforts of China and Africa, bilateral economic and trade cooperation now enjoys a consolidated foundation and improved mechanisms, with new common interests and growth points in cooperation constantly emerging. In March 2013, China’s President Xi Jinping visited Africa and announced a series of new measures to support Africa’s development, providing a powerful impetus for the advancement of China-Africa economic and trade relations.
2010年，中国政府发布了白皮书，介绍了中非经贸合作的有关情况。这里，就近些年来中非经贸合作取得的进展再作一介绍。
In 2010, the Chinese government published a white paper on China-Africa economic and trade cooperation. This latest white paper provides a further introduction to the progress of bilateral economic and trade cooperation in recent years.
一、推动贸易可持续发展
I. Promoting Sustainable Development of Trade
近年来，在全球经济复苏乏力的背景下，中非贸易仍然持续了较快发展的态势。2009年，中国成为非洲第一大贸易伙伴国。此后两年多时间里，中非贸易规模迅速扩大。2012年，中国与非洲贸易总额达到1984.9亿美元，同比增长19.3％。其中，中国对非洲出口额853.19亿美元，增长16.7％；自非洲进口额1131.71亿美元，增长21.4％。中非贸易总额、中国对非洲出口总额，以及自非洲进口总额均创历史新高。
Against the background of sluggish global economic recovery in recent years, China-Africa trade development has maintained comparatively rapid momentum. In 2009, China became Africa’s No. 1 trade partner. In the following two years, the scale of China-Africa trade expanded rapidly. In 2012, the total volume of China-Africa trade reached US$198.49 billion, a year-on-year growth of 19.3%. Of this, US$85.319 billion consisted of China’s exports to Africa, up 16.7%, and US$113.171 billion was contributed by China’s imports from Africa, up 21.4%. Total China-Africa trade volume, China’s export volume to Africa and China’s import volume from Africa all reached new highs.
随着中非贸易额的不断增长，中非贸易占中国和非洲对外贸易的比重有所上升。2000—2012年，中非贸易占中国对外贸易总额的比重，从2.23％增加到5.13％。其中，中国自非洲进口占比从2.47％增加到6.23％，出口非洲的占比从2.02％增加到4.16％。从非洲角度看，中非贸易占非洲对外贸易的比重，呈现出更为明显的上升趋势。2000—2012年，中非贸易占非洲对外贸易总额的比重从3.82％增加到16.13％。其中，非洲对中国出口的商品占比由3.76％上升到18.07％，从中国进口商品占比从3.88％上升到14.11％，增长迅速。
As the volume of China-Africa trade continues to grow, its proportion to China’s and Africa’s respective total foreign trade volume has also increased. From 2000 to 2012, the proportion of China-Africa trade volume as a part of China’s total foreign trade volume increased from 2.23% to 5.13%: the proportion consisting of China’s imports from Africa up from 2.47% to 6.23%, and that of China’s exports to Africa from 2.02% to 4.16%. On the African side, the changes are even more remarkable. From 2000 to 2012, the proportion of China-Africa trade volume as a part of Africa’s total foreign trade volume increased from 3.82% to 16.13%: the proportion contributed by Africa’s exports to China up from 3.76% to 18.07%, and that by Africa’s imports from China from 3.88% to 14.11%.
中国对非出口产品总体上质量优、价格好，满足了非洲各阶层民众的消费需求。在规模扩大的同时，中非贸易结构逐步得以优化。随着非洲市场消费能力的不断提高，中国对非洲出口产品的技术含量明显增加。2012年，机电产品占中国对非洲出口商品的比重已达到45.9%。为进一步提升对非洲出口商品的质量，从2010年12月到2011年3月，中方开展了打击对非洲出口假冒伪劣和侵犯知识产权商品专项治理行动，采取输非工业品装运前检验等多项措施，中国对非出口商品质量得以明显提高。
Chinese products exported to Africa are generally of fine quality and well-priced, and fulfill the consumption demands of all social strata in Africa. With the scale of trade expanded, the structure of China-Africa trade has been improved step by step. As the consumption capacity of the African market continues to expand, the amount of technical products that China exports to Africa has increased remarkably. In 2012, the proportion of mechanical and electrical products as a part of China’s total commodity exports to Africa reached 45.9%. In order to guarantee the quality of products exported to Africa, from December 2010 to March 2011, the Chinese side took special steps to crack down on the potential export to Africa of counterfeit and shoddy products and commodities that violated intellectual property rights. This involved multiple measures, such as prior-to-shipment quality examinations for industrial products that were to be exported to Africa. These measures helped guarantee the quality of Chinese commodities exported to Africa.
过去三年，中国自非进口金额不断增长，原油、农产品等大宗商品贸易金额、数量都快速增长。通过中非贸易，非洲出口产品获得稳定市场，提升了价格，获得了更大实惠。同时，中国通过免关税、设立非洲产品展销中心等措施，积极扩大从非洲进口。自2012年1月起，与中国建交的30个非洲最不发达国家全部可以享受60％的输华商品零关税待遇措施。截至2012年底，有22个非洲受惠国累计受惠货值达到14.9亿美元，关税税款优惠9.1亿元人民币。2011年5月，中国设立的非洲产品展销中心在浙江省义乌市正式开业。通过减免运营费用等扶持政策，展销中心已吸引非洲20多个国家的2000余种商品入驻销售。
Over the past three years, China’s import volume from Africa has increased notably, as the trade volume and quantity of bulk commodities, like crude oil and agricultural products, keep rising. Through China-Africa trade, Africa’s exporters have obtained access to a stable market, higher pricing and greater benefits. In the meantime, China has vigorously expanded its imports from Africa by enacting tariff exemptions and setting up exhibition centers for African products. Since January 2012, the 30 least developed African countries that have established diplomatic relations with China have been granted zero-tariff treatment for 60% of their exported items. By the end of 2012, 22 of them had seen 910 million yuan worth of tariff exempted, involving US$1.49 billion-worth of goods. In May 2011, an African Products Exhibition Center opened in Yiwu City, Zhejiang Province. By reducing operation expenditures and other supportive policies, the Exhibition Center has attracted over 2,000 salable commodity items from more than 20 African countries.
中非贸易互补性强、潜力巨大，对中非双方的经济发展具有重要意义。中国将继续采取一系列措施促进中非贸易的健康发展，主要包括：实施“对非贸易专项计划”，扩大非洲输华产品零关税待遇的受惠范围，扩大非洲产品的进口；加强对非出口产品品牌和营销渠道建设，促进对非出口产品质量提升。另外，中国将通过提供促贸援助，帮助非洲国家改善海关、商检设施条件，为非洲国家提高贸易便利化水平提供支持，推动非洲区内贸易的发展。
Sino-African bilateral trade has great potential due to the complementary conditions on both sides, and is significant for the economic development of both China and Africa. China will take multiple measures to promote the healthy development of China-Africa trade. These include implementing the "Special Plan on Trade with Africa,"which will expand the scope of zero tariff treatment for African products exported to China and increase China’s imports from Africa, and improving the brand building, marketing channels and quality of China’s commodities exported to Africa. In addition, China will help African countries improve their customs and commodity inspection facilities by mobilizing aid for trade, provide support for African countries to promote trade facilitation, and push forward trade development within Africa.
二、提升投融资合作层次
II. Improving the Level of Investment and Financing Cooperation
经济基础薄弱、建设资金匮乏一直是非洲国家发展的主要瓶颈。中国政府鼓励、支持企业和金融机构扩大对非投资，努力提升中非合作的质量和水平。
A poor economic foundation and insufficient construction funds have always been factors limiting the development of African countries. The Chinese government encourages and supports enterprises and financial institutions to increase investment in Africa, striving to improve the quality and level of China-Africa cooperation.
2009年以来，非洲地区吸收外国直接投资连续下滑，但中国对非直接投资快速增加。据统计，2009—2012年，中国对非直接投资流量由14.4亿美元增至25.2亿美元，年均增长20.5％，存量由93.3亿美元增至212.3亿美元，增长1.3倍。中国对非投资的快速增长，一方面说明非洲的发展潜力和投资吸引力，另一方面也体现出中非合作的互补性。
Since 2009, Africa has seen a decrease of foreign direct investment, but an accelerated growth of direct investment from China during this same period. From 2009 to 2012, China’s direct investment in Africa increased from US$1.44 billion to US$2.52 billion, with an annual growth rate of 20.5%. Over the same period, China’s accumulative direct investment in Africa increased from US$9.33 billion to US$21.23 billion, 2.3 times the 2009 figure. The rapid growth of China’s direct investment in Africa is indicative of Africa’s development potential and investment appeal, and also points to the mutually beneficial nature of China-Africa cooperation.
In the future, China will advance agricultural cooperation with Africa in all respects while ensuring that this cooperation puts both parties on an equal footing, is mutually beneficial, and advances common development. It will work to establish and improve a mechanism for bilateral agricultural cooperation, and strengthen Sino-African cooperation in the sharing of agricultural technologies, resource varieties and agricultural information, the processing and trade of agricultural products, agricultural infrastructure construction, and human resource training. China will continue to encourage and support investment by established Chinese enterprises to put money into agriculture or technological cooperation in Africa. It will arrange and launch an appropriate number of agricultural demonstration centers in African countries, depending on their actual needs. China will also work to deepen Sino-African cooperation within the frameworks of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UNFAO) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development.
四、支持非洲基础设施建设
IV. Supporting African Infrastructure Construction
基础设施建设是改善非洲投资环境和民生条件的根本支撑，对非洲减贫和发展至关重要。中国政府鼓励企业和金融机构以多种方式参与非洲交通、通讯、电力等基础设施项目建设。2012年，中国企业在非洲完成承包工程营业额408.3亿美元，比2009年增长了45％，占中国对外承包工程完成营业总额的35.02％。非洲已连续四年成为中国第二大海外工程承包市场。来自中国的资金、设备和技术有效降低了非洲国家建设成本，使非洲基础设施落后的面貌逐步得以改善。
Infrastructure construction is a starting point for improving the investment environment and people’s livelihoods in Africa, and is of great importance for poverty reduction and development on the continent. The Chinese government encourages enterprises and financial institutions to participate in African infrastructure construction, including transportation, communications and electric power projects, in a variety of different ways. In 2012, Chinese enterprises completed construction contracts worth US$40.83 billion in Africa, an increase of 45% over 2009, accounting for 35.02% of China’s overseas contract work completed. Africa has been China’s second largest overseas contract market for four successive years. Capital, equipment and technologies from China have effectively helped reduce construction costs for African countries and, as a result, their infrastructure situations have gradually improved.
中国企业在非洲建成了大量市政道路、高速公路、立交桥、铁路和港口项目，有效改善了非洲国家的通行状况，促进了非洲国家内部和国家间的经贸发展和人员往来。在安哥拉，由中国企业承建的铁路修复工程，横穿安哥拉东西部。
Chinese enterprises have built numerous city roads, expressways, flyovers, railways and ports in Africa, effectively improving traffic conditions there and enhancing economic and trade development and personnel exchanges between African countries. In Angola, Chinese enterprises undertook the contract for a project that involved repairing a railway running from east to west through the country.
中国通讯企业在非洲参与了光纤传输骨干网、固定电话、移动通讯、互联网等通信设施建设，扩大了非洲国家电信网络的覆盖范围，提升了通讯服务质量，降低了通讯资费。中国企业在坦桑尼亚承建的光缆骨干传输网，除覆盖坦桑尼亚境内主要省市外，还连接周边六国及东非和南非海底光缆，建成后将形成坦桑尼亚境内北部、南部和西部三个骨干环路和八条国际过境链路，提升整个东非地区的通讯一体化水平。
Chinese communication enterprises have participated in the construction of communication facilities in Africa, such as backbone fiber-optic transmission networks, fixed-line telephone lines, mobile communication and Internet facilities, expanding the coverage of Africa’s telecommunication network, raising the network’s performance quality and reducing communication costs. A contract to build a fiber-optic transmission backbone network in Tanzania was also taken on by Chinese enterprises. The network will cover major provinces and cities in Tanzania, link it with six neighboring countries and connect it to seabed optical cables in East and Southern Africa. After the network is completed, there will be three backbone loops, one each in northern, southern and western Tanzania, and eight international transit links, making communications of East Africa more integrated.
中国与非洲国家在水电站建设、电网铺设等方面合作密切，缓解了非洲部分国家长期存在的电力危机。2010年，中国企业在赤道几内亚承建的马拉博燃气电厂项目开工，建成后将形成发电—输电—变电完整供电系统，从根本上改善马拉博市及毕奥科岛的电力供应状况，并对周边地区农业灌溉、生态旅游具有较大促进作用。
China has also worked closely with African countries in building hydropower stations and power grids, alleviating power crises that have long plagued some African countries. In 2010, Chinese enterprises started to build the Malabo Gas Plant in Equatorial Guinea. After the plant is completed, the country will have a complete power supply system, from power generation to power transmission and power transformation. This will improve the power supply conditions of Malabo City and Bioko Island while promoting agricultural irrigation and ecological tourism in surrounding areas.
中国政府和金融机构为非洲基础设施建设提供了大量优惠性质贷款和商业贷款。2010—2012年5月，中国对非优惠性质贷款项下累计批贷92个项目，批贷金额达113亿美元。埃塞俄比亚亚的斯—阿达玛高速公路、喀麦隆克里比深水港等项目均由中国的优惠贷款支持建设。中国大型商业银行也在非洲开展了多项买方信贷，支持了加纳电网、埃塞俄比亚水电站、阿尔及利亚东西高速公路等项目。
The Chinese government and Chinese financial institutions have offered a great number of concessional and commercial loans to Africa for its infrastructure construction. From 2010 to May 2012, China approved concessional loans worth a total of US$11.3 billion for 92 African projects. For example, the Addis Ababa-Adama Expressway of Ethiopia and the Kribi Deep-water Port of Cameroon were both funded by concessional loans from China. Some of China’s main commercial banks have also started buyer’s credit businesses in Africa, supporting the power grid in Ghana, hydropower stations in Ethiopia, a west-east expressway in Algeria, and other projects.
中国企业在非洲建设基础设施的过程中，注重属地化经营和管理，积极参与公益事业。如，中国在非的大型通讯企业的本地化率已超过65％，并与1200个当地分包商合作，为当地间接增加超过1万个就业岗位；中国企业在赞比亚为当地翻修道路和矿山医院房舍，捐赠社区体育设施并积极响应慈善募捐活动，为当地社会发展作出积极贡献。
While undertaking infrastructure projects in Africa, Chinese enterprises have paid attention to localized operation and management styles, and taken an active part in programs benefiting local people. For example, large Chinese communication companies in Africa have raised their localization rate to above 65%. They have also cooperated with 1,200 local subcontractors, indirectly providing more than 10,000 job opportunities. In Zambia, Chinese enterprises have repaired roads, hospitals and houses of some mines, and donated sports facilities for communities and money for charity activities, making positive contributions to local development.
基础设施建设对促进非洲经济和社会发展意义重大。中国将继续深化中非双方在交通、通讯、民生等基础设施建设领域合作，不断推进“非洲跨国跨区域基础设施建设合作伙伴关系”，密切双方在区域一体化领域的交流合作，帮助非洲提高整体发展能力。
Infrastructure construction is a significant part of Africa’s further economic and social development. China will deepen cooperation with Africa in transportation, communications and other infrastructure fields to improve people’s livelihoods, steadily push forward Sino-African trans-national and trans-regional infrastructure construction partnerships, and enhance exchanges and cooperation in the field of regional integration so as to help Africa improve its capacity for integrated development.
五、注重非洲民生与能力发展
V. Stressing African People’s Livelihoods and Capacity Building
非洲经济近年来保持较快增长，但发展问题依然严峻，实现联合国千年发展目标的任务艰巨。中国在谋求自身发展的同时，始终向非洲发展提供力所能及的、不附加任何政治条件的帮助，并使发展成果更多惠及非洲百姓。近几年来，中国认真落实中非合作论坛历届部长会议提出的各项举措，在公共福利设施、医疗卫生、气候变化与环境保护，以及人道主义援助等领域积极开展对非合作，加强双方人文交流和科技合作，努力提升非洲自主发展的能力。
Africa has sustained rapid economic growth in recent years, but it still faces severe development problems and the difficult task of accomplishing the UN Millennium Development Goals. While seeking to advance its own development, China tries to offer what assistance it can to Africa without setting any political conditions, and to benefit African people through developmental advances. In recent years, China has implemented measures adopted at the FOCAC ministerial conferences, actively developed cooperation with Africa in areas relating to public amenities, medical and health care, climate change and environmental protection, humanitarian aid, and other fields. China has also strengthened cultural and educational exchanges and scientific and technological cooperation in an effort to improve Africa’s ability to develop independently.
帮助发展公共福利设施。中国在非洲援建打井供水、经济住房、广播电信、文教场所等各类公共福利设施，改善当地人民的生产生活条件。2009年以来，中国在苏丹、马拉维、津巴布韦、吉布提、几内亚和多哥等国实施的数十个打井供水项目，为缓解当地人民吃水难问题发挥了积极作用。援建的南苏丹活动板房、贝宁校舍、马拉维农村学校等项目，对改善当地的居住和教育环境具有重要的现实意义。援建的中非博阿利3号水电站是迄今为止中国在中非援建的最大项目，建成后将大为缓解班吉等地的用电紧张状况。
Helping build public amenities. China has offered assistance to Africa in digging wells for water supplies, and in building affordable housing, broadcasting and telecommunications facilities, and cultural and educational sites in an effort to improve the productive and living conditions of local people. Since 2009, China has carried out dozens of well-digging projects in the Sudan, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Djibouti, Guinea and Togo, playing a positive role in easing water problems for local people. It has also provided support for the building of portable dwellings in South Sudan, school houses in Benin, and rural schools in Malawi, and in doing so, improved local living conditions and educational facilities. China’s largest aid project in the Central African Republic is the construction of the Boali No.3 Hydropower Station, which, after it is completed, will greatly relieve electricity shortages in Bangui and surrounding areas.
提升医疗卫生合作水平。2010—2012年，中国在加纳、津巴布韦等国援建竣工27所医院。中国在42个非洲国家和地区派驻有43支医疗队，累计诊治患者557万余名。近年来，除援建医院、捐赠药品、进行医护培训等传统方式外，中国还通过开展治疗白内障患者的“光明行”活动、提供移动医院、建立双边眼科合作中心，以及援建新型诊疗技术示范与培训中心等，进一步提升中非医疗合作水平。
Advancing cooperation in medical and health care. From 2010 to 2012, China helped build 27 hospitals in Ghana, Zimbabwe and other African countries. China has also sent 43 medical teams to 42 African countries and regions, treating over 5.57 million patients. In recent years, in addition to building hospitals, donating drugs and organizing medical training programs, China has also launched an initiative, "Brightness Action," to treat cataract patients, provided mobile hospitals, built bilaterally-run eye centers, and helped build demonstration and training centers for diagnosis and treatment technologies, effectively advancing Sino-African cooperation in medical and health care.
开展应对气候变化领域合作。生态环境保护和应对气候变化是全球发展面临的共同课题，非洲在这一领域尤其需要国际社会的帮助。中国高度重视与非洲国家在气候变化领域的合作。2009年11月以来，中国在非洲国家共实施了百余个清洁能源项目，包括与突尼斯、几内亚、苏丹等国开展的沼气技术合作，为喀麦隆、布隆迪、几内亚等国援建的水力发电设施，与摩洛哥、埃塞俄比亚、南非等国开展的太阳能和风能发电合作，向尼日利亚、贝宁、马达加斯加等赠送节能灯、节能空调等应对气候变化的物资等，提高了非洲国家适应气候变化的能力。
Working together to address climate change. Environmental protection and climate change are two developmental topics that the world must face, and Africa needs special assistance from the international community in these areas. China pays a great deal of attention to its cooperation with African countries in the field of climate change. Since November 2009, China has carried out more than 100 clean energy projects in African countries, including biogas technology cooperation with Tunisia, Guinea and the Sudan, hydropower generating facilities in Cameroon, Burundi and Guinea, and solar and wind power generation in Morocco, Ethiopia and South Africa. China has also donated energy-efficient lamps, air conditioners and other materials in response to climate change to Nigeria, Benin and Madagascar. All of these measures have greatly raised the ability of African countries to respond to climate change.
提供紧急人道主义援助。中国一贯本着人道主义精神，向遭受政治动荡和自然灾害的非洲国家及时提供力所能及的物资或现汇紧急援助。2011年，中国向突尼斯、埃及两国政府提供共计5000万元人民币的紧急人道主义援助，以缓解两国与利比亚边境地区滞留难民带来的人道主义危机。在2011年非洲之角遭遇60年罕见饥荒之时，中国向有关非洲国家提供紧急粮援和现汇，总额超过4亿元人民币，成为新中国成立以来中国政府对外提供的最大一笔粮食援助。2012年，中国向萨赫勒地区有关国家提供了粮食援助。
Offering emergency humanitarian aid. In keeping with humanitarian values, China always offers what materials or cash it is able to give for emergency aid to African countries that suffer from political disorder or have experienced natural disasters. In 2011, China provided 50 million yuan in emergency aid to Tunisia and Egypt to ease the humanitarian crisis caused by refugees stranded in the areas bordering Libya. When a famine worst in 60 years broke out in the Horn of Africa in the same year, China provided the affected countries with emergency aid in the form of grain and cash. In total, this aid was worth more than 400 million yuan, the biggest amount of food aid that the Chinese government has provided since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. In 2012, China granted food aid to affected countries in the Sahel region of Africa.
支持人文交流。人文交流是中非新型战略伙伴关系的重要支柱。中国致力于通过支持非洲青年来华留学、派遣青年志愿者、开展联合研究等方式，增进中非人民之间的相互了解和认知，不断巩固中非友好的社会基础。2010—2012年，中方向非洲国家提供各类政府奖学金名额共计18743个。截至2012年底，中国已向埃塞俄比亚、津巴布韦等16个非洲国家派遣408名青年志愿者。20对中非知名高校在“中非高校20＋20合作计划”框架下结为“一对一”合作关系。“中非联合研究交流计划”自2010年3月启动以来，已支持中非学者开展研讨会、课题研究、学术交流、著作出版等各类项目64个，资助中非学者600多人次访问交流。
Supporting cultural and educational exchanges. Cultural and educational exchanges make up an important part of the new type of strategic partnership between China and Africa. By supporting young Africans studying in China, sending young Chinese volunteers to Africa and developing joint research initiatives, China tries to promote mutual understanding between China and African countries and strengthen the social foundation of their friendship. From 2010 to 2012, China granted 18,743 government scholarships to students from African countries. By the end of 2012, China had sent 408 young volunteers to 16 African countries, including Ethiopia and Zimbabwe. Twenty pairs of leading Chinese and African universities have begun cooperating under the 20+20 Cooperation Plan for Chinese and African Universities. From the launch of China-Africa Joint Research and Exchange Plan in March 2010 to the end of 2012, it had supported 64 projects in the form of workshops, subject research, academic exchanges, and publishing works. The project had also subsidized visits and exchanges for over 600 Chinese and African scholars.
Holding human resource training programs. Human resource training is an important part of capacity building. From 2010 to 2012, China held various training courses for 54 countries and regions in Africa; the courses involved a total of 27,318 officials and technicians, and covered topics relating to economics, foreign affairs, energy, industry, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishing, medicine and health care, inspection and quarantine, climate change, security, and some other fields. In addition, Chinese medical teams, agricultural experts and enterprises located in Africa have also trained local people in an effort to enhance local technological capabilities.
提高中非科技合作水平。2009年，中国启动了旨在推动对非技术转让、中非科研人员交流、扩大共享科技成果的“中非科技伙伴计划”。截至2012年底，中国已在非洲国家合作开展腰果病虫害防治技术、资源卫星数据地面接收站等115个联合研究与技术示范项目；接收了66位非洲科研人员来华开展博士后研究；向24位完成合作研究任务后归国的非洲科研人员每人捐赠15万元人民币的科研设备。2011年12月，中国政府启动“非洲民生科技行动”，加强和支持民生科技领域的中非合作，并宣布向中非合作论坛所有非方成员国各援建一所“全科模块化箱房诊所”和“消化医疗科技合作示范中心”。
Upgrading China-Africa cooperation in science and technology. In 2009, China launched the China-Africa Science and Technology Partnership Plan. This plan aims to promote technology transfer to Africa and research exchanges, as well as the sharing of more scientific and technological achievements. By the end of 2012, China had cooperated with African countries on 115 joint research and technology demonstration projects, including projects relating to cashew pest control technology and resources satellite receiving stations. China also gave 66 African researchers the chance to do post-doctoral research in China and donated 150,000 yuan worth of research equipment to each of the 24 researchers who had returned to their home countries to work upon completing their joint research tasks in China. In December 2011, the Chinese government launched the Science and Technology Action for African People’s Livelihood, strengthening its cooperation with Africa through scientific and technological means. It also declared that it would help build a "mobile and modular general clinic" and a "demonstration center for scientific and technological cooperation in gastroenterology" to each African FOCAC member country.
减免债务。2010—2012年，中国共免除马里、赤道几内亚、喀麦隆、贝宁、多哥、科特迪瓦等国16笔债务，进一步减轻了非洲国家的债务负担。
Reducing African debt. From 2010 to 2012, China canceled 16 debts owed by Mali, Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Benin, Togo, Cote d’Ivoire and other countries, greatly reducing the debts of African countries.
六、促进多边框架下的合作
VI. Promoting Cooperation under the Multilateral Framework
近年来，非洲大陆联合自强的步伐不断加快，经济一体化取得实质性进展。中国坚定支持非洲走联合自强之路，大力推动与非盟及非洲次区域组织在基础设施、能力建设、机制建设等方面的合作。与此同时，中国还与部分国际多边组织和国家合作，发挥各自优势，为帮助非洲国家减贫、振兴经济和促进社会进步作出贡献。
In recent years, African countries have made intensified efforts to gain strength through unity and they have made substantial progress in terms of economic integration. China firmly supports Africa’s self-enhancement through unity, and works hard to strengthen cooperation with the African Union (AU) and African sub-regional organizations in a variety of fields, including infrastructure development, capacity building and mechanism construction. At the same time, China joins other countries and international multilateral organizations in leveraging one another’s advantages to the fullest to help African countries reduce poverty, develop economically, and promote social progress.
中国与非盟及非洲次区域组织一道，在基础设施、农业、人员培训等传统领域，以及金融、减灾、知识产权等新兴领域展开密切合作。中国非盟关系是中非新型战略伙伴关系的重要组成部分。从20世纪70年代起，中国就陆续向非统/非盟提供了现汇、物资、成套项目、培训等多种形式的援助。2011年，非盟委员会正式加入中非合作论坛，双方合作更加密切。2012年1月，作为近年中国在非最大援建项目的非盟会议中心正式落成，中国宣布未来三年将向非盟提供6亿元人民币援助。
China works closely with the AU and African sub-regional organizations not only in traditional areas like infrastructure construction, agriculture and personnel training, but also in emerging fields like finance, disaster reduction and intellectual property. The relationship between China and the AU plays an important role in the China-Africa new-type strategic partnership. Early in the 1970s, China started to provide the Organization of African Unity (OAU, now AU) with assistance in a variety of forms, including money, materials, turn-key projects and training. Since the AU Commission joined the FOCAC in 2011, cooperation between China and the AU has been enhanced. China’s largest construction aid project in Africa, the AU Conference Center, was inaugurated in January 2012, at which time the Chinese government decided to provide 600 million yuan in aid to the AU over the next three years.
近年来，中国与非洲地区组织和机构的合作不断加强，且日趋制度化、机制化。2011年以来，中国先后与东非共同体、西非国家经济共同体签署了《经贸合作框架协议》，共同开展在贸易便利化、直接投资、跨境基础设施、发展援助等方面的合作。金融合作方面，中国是非洲开发银行、西非开发银行和东南非贸易与开发银行的成员国。自加入以来，中国已向非洲开发银行的软贷款窗口——非洲开发基金累计承诺捐资6.15亿美元，并参与了非洲开发基金多边减债行动，支持非洲减贫和区域一体化。中国国家开发银行与南部非洲开发银行签署了《开发性金融合作协议》；并与西非开发银行签署6000万欧元专项授信贷款协议，用于支持西非经济货币联盟国家内中小企业发展。中国进出口银行、农业银行等分别与非洲开发银行签订了合作框架协议，就基础项目融资、中小企业发展等问题开展合作。此外，中国还与非洲地区知识产权组织等机构达成相关协议，为推动中非经贸关系向更高水平迈进奠定基础。
In recent years, cooperation between China and African regional organizations has been strengthened and become institutionalized. Since 2011, the Chinese government has signed Framework Agreements on Economic and Trade Cooperation with both the East African Community (EAC) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), to expand cooperation in promoting trade facilitation, direct investment, cross-border infrastructure construction and development aid. Evidence of China’s efforts in the area of financial cooperation includes China’s status as a member state of the African Development Bank (AfDB), the West African Development Bank, and the Eastern and Southern African Trade and Development Bank. China has promised to contribute 615 million U.S. dollars to the African Development Fund (ADF), which is the soft-loan window of the AfDB, and has actively participated in the ADF’s Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative to support poverty reduction and regional integration in Africa. The China Development Bank (CDB) has signed an Agreement on Development Financing Cooperation with the Development Bank of Southern Africa, and an agreement to loan 60 million Euros to the West African Development Bank for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in countries belonging to the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU). The Export-Import Bank of China and the Agricultural Bank of China have both signed cooperation framework agreements with the AfDB to cooperate on infrastructure project financing and the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. In addition, China has reached relevant agreements with African intellectual property organizations, laying a solid foundation for the advancement of China-Africa economic and trade relations.
中国与联合国、世界银行等多边机构发挥各自优势，在农业、环保、培训等方面开展对非合作。中国是第一个与联合国粮农组织建立南南合作战略联盟的国家。2008年，中国宣布向联合国粮农组织捐赠3000万美元设立信托基金，重点用于支持中国参与“粮食安全特别计划”框架下的南南合作，基金使用将适度向非洲地区倾斜。截至2012年底，中国已在该框架下，向埃塞俄比亚、毛里塔尼亚、马里等国派遣农业专家和技术人员，在农田水利、农作物生产、畜牧水产养殖和农产品加工等多个领域提供农业技术援助，为提高其农业生产能力和粮食安全水平发挥了积极作用。此外，中国还与联合国环境规划署、国际减灾战略秘书处等国际组织合作开展气候变化与减灾合作。2012年，中国承诺向国际货币基金组织非洲技术援助活动捐资1000万美元，推动非洲国家宏观管理能力建设。自2007年5月中国金融机构与世界银行建立全面合作框架机制以来，目前双方就非洲国家一些基础设施建设项目正进行可行性研究和探讨。中国金融机构与世界银行集团旗下的国际金融公司等机构长期保持良好合作关系，在西非地区电信项目上提供联合融资，共同推动了区域通信行业发展。
China has joined forces with multilateral organizations including the United Nations (UN) and the World Bank (WB) to utilize one another’s strengths to the fullest to aid Africa in the fields of agriculture, environmental protection and training. China was the first country to form a strategic alliance with the UNFAO to foster South-South cooperation. In 2008, China decided to contribute 30 million U.S. dollars to the UNFAO to set up a trust fund. This fund, which is particularly beneficial to Africa, is used to support South-South cooperation between China and African countries under the framework of the UNFAO Special Program for Food Security. By the end of 2012, under the said framework, China had sent many agricultural experts and technicians to Ethiopia, Mauritania and Mali to provide technical assistance in the areas of irrigation and water conservation, crop production, animal husbandry, aquaculture and agricultural product processing. By doing this, China has played an active role in improving the agricultural production capacities and food security of these countries. In addition, China works cooperatively on climate change and disaster reduction with international organizations, including the United Nations Environment Programme and the secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. In 2012, China promised to contribute US$10 million to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to provide technical assistance to Africa and improve the macroeconomic management of African countries. Chinese financial institutions established an all-round cooperation framework with the WB in May 2007. The two sides are carrying out feasibility studies on some infrastructure construction projects in African countries. Chinese financial institutions also maintain a good cooperative relationship with the International Finance Corporation (IFC), which is a member of the WB Group, to provide co-financing to telecommunications projects in West Africa and push forward the development of the communications industry in this region.
中国一贯本着开放的态度同其他国家在对非援助领域开展交流互鉴，探讨务实合作，共同致力于非洲发展。2009—2010年，中国与英国合作，分别在中国和加纳举办了三期非洲国家维和警察培训班。2011年，中国与埃及开展了中国援利比里亚塔佩塔医院项目三方合作。其中，中方负责维护医疗设备，培训利方医护、技术和管理人员；埃方负责派遣2—5名医生；利方负责医院日常运营等。通过此项目，培训了医院的骨干力量，为医院正常运行作出了突出贡献，受到各方好评。
With an open mind, China has worked to enhance exchanges and mutual learning with other countries to explore practical cooperation in providing assistance to Africa. From 2009 to 2010, in partnership with the UK, China ran three peacekeeping police training classes in China and Ghana for African countries. In 2011, the tripartite agreement on the Liberian Tapeta Hospital cooperative project, signed by China, Egypt and Liberia, was fulfilled. According to the agreement, the Chinese government was responsible for maintaining medical equipment, and training medical, technical and managerial personnel for the hospital. The agreement required the Egyptian government to send two to five doctors to the hospital, and made the Liberian side responsible for the hospital’s management and operation. This project has trained the backbone staff of the hospital and made outstanding contributions to its operation, winning universal praise.
今后，中国将继续加强与非盟和非洲次区域组织的合作，通过开展非洲跨国跨区域基础设施建设、推动人力资源开发、加强同非洲开发银行及次区域金融组织的合作等多种方式，支持非洲地区经济一体化建设和地区组织的能力建设。同时，中国还将继续开展促进非洲可持续发展的国际合作，加强在农业发展及气候变化等领域的合作，在生态保护、环境管理等领域向非洲提供更有力的支持。
In the future, China will work more closely with the AU and African sub-regional organizations to support Africa’s economic integration and build the capacities of regional organizations. It will do this by promoting transnational and trans-regional infrastructure development and human resources development in Africa, and also by strengthening cooperation with the AfDB and African sub-regional financial institutions. At the same time, China will expand its international cooperative efforts to advance Africa’s sustainable development, strengthen cooperation in the fields of agricultural development and climate change, and provide more support to Africa in ecological protection and environmental management.
结束语
Conclusion
中非关系正处在新的历史起点上。作为希望的大陆、发展的热土，非洲已成为全球经济增长最快的地区之一。作为世界上最大的发展中国家，中国保持着经济平稳健康发展的势头。中非共同利益不断拓展，相互需求日益增多，经贸合作面临着加快发展的难得机遇。
China-Africa relations have reached a new historic level. Africa, a continent full of hope and thirsty for development, has become one of the world’s fastest growing regions, while China, the world’s largest developing country, has maintained forward momentum in its development. With increasing common interests and mutual needs, the two sides have great opportunities to accelerate their economic and trade cooperation.
当前，中国人民正致力于实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦，非洲人民也正在努力实现联合自强与发展振兴的非洲梦。中国将继续本着相互尊重、合作共赢的精神，采取切实措施，努力构建全方位、多元化、深层次合作的中非命运共同体，推动中非经贸合作朝着共圆梦想的方向前进。中国也愿意与世界其他国家和地区加强合作，共同推动和促进非洲的繁荣发展。
Currently, the Chinese people are working hard to realize the Chinese dream of national revival, while African people are committed to the African dream of gaining strength through unity and achieving development and renewal. With a spirit of mutual respect and win-win cooperation, China will continue to take concrete measures to build a Sino-African community of shared destinies featuring all-round, diversified and deep cooperation. It will work to advance China-Africa economic and trade cooperation to help both sides make their respective dreams come true. China is also willing to enhance its cooperation with the rest of the world to promote Africa’s prosperity and development.
附录1 中非合作论坛第四届部长级会议经贸举措落实情况
Appendix I Implementation of the Economic & Trade Measures of the Fourth FOCAC Ministerial Conference
1、中非双方加强在应对气候变化领域的政策对话与务实合作。中方多次派遣气候变化谈判特别代表等高官赴非洲与非方交换看法，并在坎昆会议、德班会议、“基础四国”气候变化部长级磋商等重要多边场合与非洲国家保持对话磋商、协调立场，共同维护发展中国家利益。为提高非洲国家适应气候变化的能力，中方在非洲国家实施了百余个清洁能源项目。
1. The two sides have engaged in enhanced policy dialogue and practical cooperation on climate change. China has, on many occasions, sent senior officials, including the special envoy for climate change negotiations, to African countries to exchange views. During the Cancun Conference, the Durban Conference, the Ministerial Consultation of BASIC countries and other related negotiations and conferences, China has engaged in dialogue and consultation and also coordinated its position with African countries to uphold the common interests of developing countries. With a view to improving the abilities of African countries to adapt to climate change, China has implemented over 100 clean energy projects in Africa.
2. China has worked to raise the level of its scientific and technological cooperation with Africa. Following the Fourth FOCAC Ministerial Conference, China launched the China-Africa Science and Technology Partnership Plan, which aims to promote technology transfer to Africa and expand the sharing of scientific and technological achievements. The China-Africa Scientific and Technological Cooperation Roundtable was held in Egypt at the end of 2009. China has conducted 115 joint research and demonstration projects with African countries. China has also hosted 66 African post-doctoral students and donated research equipment to 24 returning African researchers who have concluded their joint research projects in China.
3、中方切实兑现增加非洲融资能力的各项承诺。截至2012年5月，对非优惠性质贷款项下已累计批贷92个项目，批贷金额达113亿美元，提前半年完成承诺。贷款主要用于支持非洲基础设施和社会发展项目。
3. China has made concrete efforts to fulfill its promise to build up Africa’s financial capabilities. By May 2012, China had approved US$11.3 billion in concessional loans for 92 projects, fulfilling its promise six months early. These loans are mainly used for funding infrastructure and social development projects in Africa.
截至2012年底，中国国家开发银行设立的“非洲中小企业发展专项贷款”已累计承诺贷款项目12.13亿美元，中非发展基金二期20亿美元资金到位。中国已免除所有同中国有外交关系的非洲重债穷国和最不发达国家截至2009年底到期的政府无息贷款债务。
By the end of 2012, the special loan for the development of small and medium-sized businesses in Africa, set up by China Development Bank, had promised to make loans totaling to US$1.213 billion, and US$2 billion had been collected for the second tranche of China-Africa Development Fund. China has canceled debts of interest-free government loans that matured by the end of 2009 owed by all heavily indebted poor countries and least developed countries in Africa that have diplomatic relations with China.
4、中方进一步向非洲产品开放市场。与中国建交的30个非洲最不发达国家全部享受60％输华产品免关税政策，受惠产品数目增至4762个。在该政策推动下，非洲国家对华出口较快增长。2011年非洲对华出口达932亿美元，同比增长39％；2012年非洲对华出口1131.7亿美元，同比增长21.4％。
4. China has further opened its markets to African products. All of the 30 least developed countries in Africa that have diplomatic ties with China enjoy zero-tariff treatment for 60% of their exports to China, covering 4,762 items. Thanks to this policy, African exports to China have grown rapidly, reaching US$93.2 billion in 2011 and increasing 39% year on year. In 2012, African exports to China totaled US$113.17 billion, an increase of 21.4% over the previous year.
5、中方继续扩大对非农业合作。截至2012年底，在新八项举措下已落实7个农业技术示范中心，使中方在非洲国家援建的农业技术示范中心增至22个。中国已派出50个农业技术组，为当地培训技术人员超过5000名。
5. China has scaled up its agricultural cooperation with Africa. By the end of 2012, following the implementation of eight new measures to strengthen cooperation with Africa, China had built seven new agricultural technology demonstration centers for Africa. This increased the number of such centers on the continent to 22. By that time, China had also sent 50 agricultural technology teams to African countries. These teams trained more than 5,000 local technical personnel.
6、中非稳步推进卫生合作。截至2012年底，中国共在42个非洲国家和地区派驻43支医疗队，诊治患者557万余名。目前共有1006名中国医疗人员在非服务。中国还向非洲42个国家和地区捐赠了药品、物资和器械，向非洲30所医院和30个抗疟中心提供设备、物资和药品。
6. China has steadily advanced its health cooperation with Africa. By the end of 2012, China had dispatched 43 medical teams to 42 countries and regions in Africa, where the teams treated more than 5.57 million patients. There are now 1,006 Chinese medical professionals in Africa. China has provided medical equipment, materials and medicines to 42 countries and regions in Africa, and also to 30 African hospitals and 30 malaria prevention centers.
7、中方进一步加强对非人力资源开发和教育合作。2010—2012年，中国共为非洲54个国家和地区培训官员和技术人员等共计27318人次，涉及公共管理、能源、卫生和社会保障及制造业等领域。
7. China has further strengthened its human resources development and educational cooperation with Africa. From 2010 to 2012, China ran training sessions with a total capacity of 27,318 trainees for officials and technical personnel from 54 countries and regions in Africa. The training sessions covered the fields of public management, energy, health, social security and manufacturing.
在教育领域，2010—2012年，中国在非洲国家援建28所新学校，向42所学校援助设备，并向非洲来华留学生提供奖学金名额18743个，其中2012年当年奖学金生6717名。“中非高校20＋20合作计划”顺利启动，20对中非“一对一”合作院校积极开展校际合作。中国共在非洲26个国家（地区）开设了31所孔子学院和5个孔子课堂。
In the field of education, from 2010 to 2012, China built 28 new schools in Africa, provided equipment to 42 African schools, and funded 18,743 scholarships to students from Africa, 6,717 of which were given in 2012. During the same period, the 20+20 Cooperation Plan for Chinese and African Universities was launched, allowing 20 pairs of Chinese and African universities to conduct cooperative projects. China has also opened 31 Confucius Institutes and five Confucius Classrooms in 26 countries and regions of Africa.
8、中方积极实施“中非联合研究交流计划”。该计划自2010年3月启动，截至2012年底已支持中非学者开展项目64个（包括课题研究29个、研讨会16个、学术交流16个、著作出版3个）、中非学术交流600余人次。在“交流计划”带动下，“中非智库论坛”实现机制化，并于2012年10月召开第二次会议，成为中非智库交流的重要平台之一。中国国家开发银行还设立专项基金支持中非学术界交流。
8. China has actively run the China-Africa Joint Research and Exchange Plan. Between its inception in March 2010 and the end of 2012, the program supported Chinese and African scholars working on 64 projects (including 29 research projects, 16 workshops, 16 academic exchanges, and three publication projects) and organized academic exchanges between the two sides involving as many as 600 people. Thanks to the Exchange Plan, the Forum for Chinese and African Think Tanks has become institutionalized. One of the important platforms for exchanges between Chinese and African think tanks, the forum held its second conference in October 2012. The China Development Bank has set up a special fund to support academic exchanges between China and Africa.
附录2 中非合作论坛第五届部长级会议中国政府宣布的未来三年中非重点合作领域
Appendix II Priority Areas of China-Africa Cooperation for the Next Three Years Announced by the Chinese Government at the Fifth FOCAC Ministerial Conference
1、扩大投资和融资领域合作，为非洲可持续发展提供助力。中国将向非洲国家提供200亿美元贷款额度，重点支持非洲基础设施、农业、制造业和中小企业发展。
1. Expanding cooperation in investment and financing to support sustainable development in Africa. To meet this goal, China will provide African countries with a US$20 billion credit line to be spent on developing infrastructure, agriculture, manufacturing and small and medium-sized enterprises.
2、继续扩大对非援助，让发展成果惠及非洲民众。中国将适当增加援非农业技术示范中心，帮助非洲国家提高农业生产能力；实施“非洲人才计划”，为非洲培训30000名各类人才，提供政府奖学金名额18000个，并为非洲国家援建文化和职业技术培训设施；深化中非医疗卫生合作，加强卫生领域高层交流，适时举行中非高级别卫生发展研讨会，中方将派遣1500名医疗队员，同时继续在非洲开展“光明行”活动，为白内障患者提供相关免费治疗；帮助非洲国家加强气象基础设施能力建设和森林保护与管理；继续援助打井供水项目，为民众提供安全饮用水。
2. Continuing to scale up its assistance to Africa so as to benefit more African peopl
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